Jake Dalzell

In July I spent a few days in Sligo as a field assistant with an international, interdisciplinary team who are studying peritidal stromatolites. Stromatolites are layered rock formations created by microbes, and peritidal stromatolites form in the area of the shore that is affected by seawater from the tide or from sea spray. This makes them unique as they can experience large changes in salinity.

Sligo Stromatolites

Today I went to the BSBI’s November conference in the Natural History Museum in London! I presented my poster on my summer project surveying islands on Strangford Lough, and got to do a 60 second flash talk. It was really great to meet other people who are passionate about plants and learn from them. Read the html version of my poster here. Watch my (very brief!) flash talk here.

British and Irish Botanical Conference, November 22

This summer I am cataloguing the flora and plant communities of twelve islands [EDIT 20/11/22: it ended up being eleven islands!] in Strangford Lough, with the help of a BSBI Plant Study Grant. The goal is to have a complete species list of each island and a map showing all of the plant communities and where they occur. I have been kayaking to these islands and doing a thorough survey, and also quadrats in each distinct plant community.

The Islands Project

Slievenacloy Nature Reserve is an Ulster Wildlife reserve in Antrim. It is very well managed for upland grassland, with a wealth of Devil’s-Bit dominated grassland.

Plasmopara euphrasiae: a downy mildew species new to Ireland

On the thirteenth of August, I was at Killard National Nature Reserve, Co. Down, with my mum. We were looking for Frog Orchids and other species rare in the county like Quaking Grass and Field Scabious. She found a plant she didn’t recognise and asked me what it was, and it was Autumn Lady’s Tresses. I knew I hadn’t seen it before and wasn’t sure it had been recorded anywhere near before.

Autumn Lady’s Tresses: an orchid species new to Ulster

The model in this post is based on the one in Cameron et al. (2009), improving how seed dispersal is modelled and the dynamics are visualised.

I have become a bit obsessed with hemiparasitic plants recently. When I found Cameron et al.’s paper on how Yellow Rattle can create interesting spatial dynamics in grasslands¹, I got quite excited. I have been learning python this year so I thought I may as well try to replicate their model.

Modelling Yellow Rattle in a simulated grassland

The Regulation of the Water Potential Gradient in the Host and Parasite Relationship betweenSorghum bicolorandStriga hermonthica

Ecophysiology of the holoparasitic angiosperm Cistanche phelypaea (Orobancaceae) in a coastal salt marsh

by Jake Dalzell, Hazel Garrett, Catriona Forrest, Wayne Liang, Rosalind Mackey, Denis Pavlov, and Josh Simpson  This was a small project we threw together over three days on our Plant Sciences fieldtrip to Portugal. Everyone on the fieldtrip used six different techniques to explore plant physiology and ecology, and each group came up with a research question that could be answered using some of these techniques.

Comparing parasite and host strategies in a Portuguese grassland

My favourite butterfly, which I first saw during lockdown. They are the most delicate of the white species (Pieridae) found in Ireland and flutter through grasslands in May and June. Taxonomy For a long time, scientists wondered why Wood Whites (

 Leptidea sinapis

) were fairly widespread and common in Ireland, when they were so rare in England.

The Cryptic Wood White butterfly

This is an adapted version of my poster, which is also available as a pdf or png. As with all my work on this site it is CC BY 4.0 (free for use/adaptation as long as I am credited).

The Meadow Maker Yellow Rattle (

 Rhinanthus minor

) has become well known in restoration ecology and wildlife gardening as a “meadow maker”, which can transform a species-poor patch of grasses into a biodiverse and flower-rich one.

Yellow Rattle

Introducing ecosystem engineers for grassland biodiversity conservation: A review of the effects of hemiparasitic Rhinanthus species on plant and animal communities at multiple trophic levels

Hemiparasite-density effects on grassland plant diversity, composition and biomass

Water flows in the parasitic association Rhinanthus minor/Hordeum vulgare

Integrating ecology and physiology of root‐hemiparasitic interaction: interactive effects of abiotic resources shape the interplay between parasitism and autotrophy

Root hemiparasites and plant diversity in experimental grassland communities

Facilitating grassland diversification using the hemiparasitic plant Rhinanthus minor

7/10/2023 UPDATE: I have discovered other authors came up with this idea before me, as noted by Press and Phoenix¹¹. At least two authors have mentioned it: in the context of mistletoes¹²; and a North American root hemiparasite,

 Triphysaria

¹³. However, as far as I can tell the hypothesis has never been tested.

Total ecosystem evapotranspiration – an overlooked factor in grassland hemiparasite ecology?

As someone who has been deeply interested by plants as long as I can remember, I have grown to appreciate all the different habitats I come across in Ireland. Each has its own unique set of species, but one that has always particularly caught my attention is our grasslands.

Why care about grasslands?

03/11/2023 EDIT:

actually a rediscovery, this species was recorded in Belfast pre-1930 Earlier this year, I found a species of grass I didn’t recognise, growing as a pavement plant in East Belfast. With a guide I identified it as

 Polypogon monspeliensis

(Annual Beard-grass), a new species for County Down. This species is known from Dublin and Cork, and there is a previous Ulster record from Keady in Armagh.

Annual Beard-grass: a new species for County Down (H38)

Disease is something few people love. There are exceptions though, particularly among those who appreciate the diversity and ecological role of plant disease. The early conservationist, Aldo Leopold, described the role of tree diseases in creating food and shelter for the animals on his farm in Wisconsin:  I met Chris Preston, a Cambridgeshire botanist, when I was in the first year of my degree.

In Defence of Disease

Since 2022 I have been recording the flora of some islands in Strangford Lough. I received a Plant Study Grant from the BSBI to work on this in the Summer of 2022 but as it turned out I had committed to a much bigger project than I first thought! I recently submitted my records and can now finally say I have finished my first large recording project.

Strangford Lough flora: an update

In the nineties, the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club extensively surveyed the urban flora of Belfast, resulting in a book,

 Urban Flora of Belfast

. Many plants new to Down and Antrim were found, and most of these were new to Ireland as well. This was a three-year effort involving some thirty-one recorders.

Belfast’s urban flora

Hemiparasitic plants are those which steal water and nutrients from other plants, but still photosynthesise (so are green). They are an interesting part of the Irish flora, and some can play an important role in grasslands by weakening other plants – particularly Yellow Rattle.

Hemiparasitic plants in Irish grasslands

Today I had the opportunity to work as a field assistant with a PhD student, Thomas Marquand. He is researching CO₂ and methane dynamics in soil in restored and reclaimed fens in East Anglia (with the Centre for Landscape Regeneration). We took samples from the fen exhibit in the Cambridge Botanic Gardens and used a spectrometer to measure CO₂ and methane concentration, and also δ¹³C-CO₂.

Fen soil carbon flux

Irish Plants

Slievenacloy Nature Reserve is an Ulster Wildlife reserve in Antrim. It
is very well managed for upland grassland, with a wealth of Devil's-Bit
dominated grassland. I was there for the first time ever on the eleventh
of August, and was very impressed by how rich and large the reserve is.

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full">
<img
src="https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/IMG-20230812-WA0001.jpg"
class="wp-image-552" loading="lazy" decoding="async"
srcset="https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/IMG-20230812-WA0001.jpg 1600w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/IMG-20230812-WA0001-300x225.jpg 300w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/IMG-20230812-WA0001-768x576.jpg 768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/IMG-20230812-WA0001-1536x1152.jpg 1536w"
sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" width="1600" height="1200" />
</figure>

In one of the fields on the reserve I found a small, whitish mould
growing on an Eyebright (IDed to *Euphrasia arctica/confusa/nemorosa*
agg., but too old to ID to species). Since I have recently become
interested in plant parasites I took a sample home. I identified it
using the extremely useful resource
[bladmineerders.nl](https://bladmineerders.nl/){data-type="link"
data-id="https://bladmineerders.nl/"}. I was surprised to discover it is
a species never before recorded in Ireland, *Plasmopara euphrasiae*.

<figure class="wp-block-image size-medium">
<img
src="https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PXL_20230813_1230212562-225x300.jpg"
class="wp-image-553" loading="lazy" decoding="async"
srcset="https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PXL_20230813_1230212562-225x300.jpg 225w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PXL_20230813_1230212562-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PXL_20230813_1230212562-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PXL_20230813_1230212562-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https://irishplants.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/PXL_20230813_1230212562-scaled.jpg 1920w"
sizes="(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" width="225" height="300" />
<figcaption>Plasmopara euphrasiae under the
microscope</figcaption>
</figure>

There are old records of a related species, *Plasmopara densa*, from
before the two species were split -- since some of these were found on
Eyebright, they can be redetermined as *P. euphrasiae*, but this is the
first known record of this species in Ireland. (In fact as I was writing
this I found [one, from Braganstown, Louth, in
1895](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20494436?seq=9){data-type="link"
data-id="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20494436?seq=9"}).

Many thanks to Chris Preston for inspiring and encouraging my interest
in plant parasites and for verifying the ID.