University of Glasgow

Roderic Page

This is not a post I\'d thought I\'d write, because OpenURL is an awful
spec. But last week I ended up in vigorous debate on Twitter after I
posted what I thought was a casual remark:  
  

> If you publish bibliographic data and don\'t use COinS
> [ocoins.info](http://t.co/RwO0fEKYID "http://ocoins.info/") you are
> doing it wrong (I\'m looking at you
> @[europepmc_news](https://twitter.com/europepmc_news))
>
> --- Roderic Page (@rdmpage) [March 8,
> 2013](https://twitter.com/rdmpage/status/309957666179018752)

  
  
This ended up being a marathon thread about OpenURL, accessibility,
bibliographic metadata, and more. It spilled over onto a previous blog
post ([Tight versus loose
coupling](http://iphylo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/tight-versus-loose-coupling.html))
where [Ed Summers](http://twitter.com/edsu) and I debated the merits of
[Context Object in Span (COinS)](http://ocoins.info/).  
  
This debate still nags at me because I think there\'s an underlying
assumption that people making bibliographic web sites know what\'s best
for their users.  
  
[Ed
wrote](http://iphylo.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/tight-versus-loose-coupling.html#comment-822988405):  
  

> I prefer to encourage publishers to use HTML\'s metadata facilities
> using the
>
> tag and microdata/RDFa, and build actually useful tools that do
> something useful with it, like Zotero or Mendeley have done.

  
That\'s fine, I like embedded metadata, both as a consumer and as a
provider (I provide Google Scholar-compatible metadata in
[BioStor](http://biostor.org)). What I object to is the idea that this
is all we need to do. Embedded metadata is great if you want to make
individual articles visible to search engines:  
![Metadata1](http://lh6.ggpht.com/-flB6YJaB4jc/UUBXSRd8hFI/AAAAAAAAChM/ecj6XmfkkWA/metadata1.png?imgmax=800 "metadata1.png"){style="display:block; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
border="0" width="460" height="172"}  
Tools like Google (or bibliographic managers like Mendeley and Zotero)
can \"read\" the web page, extract structured data, and do something
with that. Nice for search engines, nice for repositories (metadata
becomes part of their search engine optimisation strategy).  
  
But this isn\'t the only thing a user might want to do. I often find
myself confronted with a list of articles on a web site (e.g., a
bibliography on a topic, a list of references cited in a paper, the
results of a bibliographic search) and those references have no links.
Often those links may not have existed when original web page was
published, but may exist now. I\'d like a tool that helped me find those
links.  
  
If a web site doesn\'t provide the functionality you need then, luckily,
you are not entirely at the mercy of the people who made the decisions
about what you can and can\'t do. Tools like
[Greasemonkey](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasemonkey) pioneered the
idea that we can hack a web page to make it more useful. I see COinS as
an example of this approach. If the web page doesn\'t provide links, but
has embedded COinS then I can use those to create OpenURL links to try
and locate those references. I am no longer bound by the limitations of
the web page itself.  
  
![Metadata2](http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kfA1rXBukq0/UUBXTbihJfI/AAAAAAAAChU/OjGuHZbNQuQ/metadata2.png?imgmax=800 "metadata2.png"){style="display:block; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
border="0" width="460" height="285"}  
This strikes me as very powerful, and I use COinS a lot where they are
available. For example, CrossRef\'s excellent [search
engine](http://search.crossref.org) supports COinS, which means I can
find a reference using that tool, then use the embedded COinS to see
whether there is a version of that article digitised by the Biodiversity
Heritage Library. This enables me to do stuff that CrossRef itself
hasn\'t anticipated, and that makes their search engine much more
valuable to me. In a way this is ironic because CrossRef is predicated
on the idea that there is one definitive link to a reference, the DOI.  
  
So, what I found frustrating about the conversation with Ed was that it
seemed to me that his insistence on following certain standards was at
the expense of functionality that I found useful. If the client is the
search engine, or the repository, then COinS do indeed seem to offer
little apart from God-awful HTML messing up the page. But if you include
the user and accept that users may want to do stuff that you don\'t
(indeed can\'t) anticipate then COinS are useful. This is the \"genius
of **and**\", why not support both approaches?  
  
Now, COinS are not the only way to implement what I want to do, we could
imagine other ways to do this. But to support the functionality that
they offer we need a way to encode metadata in a web page, a way to
extract that metadata and form a query URL, and a set of services that
know what to do with that URL. OpenURL and COinS provide all of this
right now and work. I\'d be all for alternative tools that did this more
simply than the Byzantine syntax of OpenURL, but in the absence of such
tools I stick by my original tweet:  
  

> If you publish bibliographic data and don\'t use COinS you are doing
> it wrong


This is not a post I'd thought I'd write, because OpenURL is an awful spec. But last week I ended up in vigorous debate on Twitter after I posted what I thought was a casual remark:This ended up being a marathon thread about OpenURL, accessibility, bibliographic metadata, and more.

In defence of OpenURL: making bibliographic metadata hackable

Following on from my [previous
post](http://iphylo.blogspot.com/2013/01/megascience-platforms-for-biodiversity.html)
bemoaning the lack of links between biodiversity data sets, it\'s worth
looking at different ways we can build these links. Specifically, data
can be tightly or loosely coupled.  
  

### Tight coupling

  
Tight coupling uses identifiers. A good example is bibliographic
citation, where we state that one reference cites another by linking
DOIs. This makes it easy to store these links in a database, such as the
[Open Citations](http://opencitations.net/) project which is exploring
citation networks base don data from PubMed Cenral. Tight coupling also
makes it easy to aggregate information from multiple sources. For
example, one database may record citations of a paper, another may
record citations of GenBank sequences, a third may record publication of
taxonomic names. If all three databases use the same identifiers for the
same publications (e.g., DOIs) we can combine them and potentially
discover new things (for example, we could answer the question \"how
many descriptions of new species include sequence data?\").  
  

### Loose coupling

  
In part this post has been prompted by a
[discussion](http://paulmurraywork.wordpress.com/2013/01/16/publication-citations-and-open-standards/)
I\'ve been having with Paul Murray
([@PaulMurrayCbr](http://twitter.com/PaulMurrayCbr) on his blog. Paul
has added [COinS](http://ocoins.info/) to pages in the [Australian
Faunal Directory (AFD)](http://biodiversity.org.au/afd/home). These are
snippets of HTML that encode a bibliographic reference as an OpenURL,
and which browser extensions such as [OpenURL Referrer for
Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/open) and [COinS
2 OpenURL for
Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/coins-2-openurl/dkbeocklhoekjladflofojohjhjgfpic)
can convert into links.  
  
I\'ve mapped many of the references in AFD to standard identifiers such
as DOIs, or to digital libraries such as [BioStor](http://biostor.org/),
and this tightly-coupled mapping is available in [AFD on
CouchDB](http://iphylo.org/~rpage/afd). To date these mappings haven\'t
been imported into AFD itself, which means that users of the original
site don\'t have easy access to the literature that appears on that site
(basically they\'ll have to Google each reference). However, if they
have a browser extension (or the Javascript bookmarklet available from
<http://iphylo.org/~rpage/afd/openurl>) that supports COinS, they will
now see a clickable link that, in many cases, will take them to the
online version of the corresponding reference.  
  
This is an example of loose linking. The AFD site provides OpenURL links
which can be resolved [\"just in
time\"](http://go-to-hellman.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/when-shall-we-link.html).
Users of the AFD site can get some of the benefits of the tight linking
stored in my CouchDB version of AFD, but the maintainers of AFD itself
don\'t need to add code to handle these identifiers.  
  
A lot of linking of biodiversity data shares this pattern. Instead of
linking identifiers, one site links to another through a query. For
example, NCBI taxonomy links to GBIF using URLs of the form
\"http://data.gbif.org/search/\". Linking by query is potentially more
robust than simply linking by URLs, especially if the target of the link
doesn\'t ensure its identifiers are stable (GBIF, I\'m looking at you).
But there may be multiple ways to construct the same search query, which
makes them poor candidates for use as identifiers. COinS are perhaps an
extreme example, where there are at least two versions of the OpenURL
standard in the wild, and the key-value pairs that make up the query can
be in any order.  
  
If the goal is to integrate data then having the same identifiers for
the same thing make life a lot simpler, and means that we can switch
from endless data cleaning and matching (\"is this citation the same as
that one?\") to building systems that can tackle some of the scientific
questions we are interested in. But in their absence we are left a kind
of [defensive
programming](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_programming) where
we expect the links to fail. Loose linking creates \"soft links\" that
may work for humans (we get to click on a link and, with luck, see a web
page) but they are less useful for mechanised tools trying to aggregate
data.  
  

### When tight=loose

  
Although I\'ve distinguished between tight and loose coupling, the
distinction is not absolute. Indeed, one could argue that the best
\"tight\" coupling is a form of \"loose\" coupling. For example, the
most obvious form of tight linking is to use URLs for the things of
interest. This is simple and direct, but has draw backs for both
publisher and consumer. For the consumer, we are now at the mercy of the
publisher\'s ability to keep the URLs stable. If they change (for
example, publishing firm is bought by another firm, or adopts new
publishing platform which generates different URLs) then the links break
(not to mention that URLs for some resources, such as articles, are
often conditional on how you are accessing the article, and may contain
extraneous cruff such as session ids, etc.).  
  
Likewise, the publisher is now constrained by a decision it made at the
time of publication. If it decides to adopt better technology, or if
circumstances otherwise change, it may find itself having to break
existing identifiers. Some of this can be avoided if we designed clean
URLs, such as this example <http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00001195>
given by [Roger
Hyam](http://iphylo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/yet-another-reason-why-we-need-specimen.html#comment-415072968).
However, I wonder how persistent the \".uk\" part of this URL will be if
the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh finds itself in a Scotland that [is
no longer part of the United
Kingdom](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_independence).  
  
One solution is our old friend
[indirection](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirection), where we put an
identifier in between the consumer and the actual URL of the resource,
and the consumer uses that identifier. This is the rationale for DOIs.
The user gets an identifier that is unlikely to change, and hence can
build systems upon that identifier. The publisher knows that they can
change how they serve the corresponding data without disrupting their
users, so long as they update the URL that the DOI points to.
Indirection gives users the appearance of tight coupling without
imposing the constraints of tight coupling on publishers.


Following on from my previous post bemoaning the lack of links between biodiversity data sets, it's worth looking at different ways we can build these links. Specifically, data can be tightly  or loosely coupled.
<strong>
 Tight coupling
</strong>
Tight coupling uses identifiers. A good example is bibliographic citation, where we state that  one reference cites another by linking DOIs.

Tight versus loose coupling

Today I finally got a project out the door.
[BioStor](http://biostor.org) is my take on what an interface to
the[Biodiversity Heritage Library](http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/)
(BHL) could look like. It features the visualisations I\'ve mentioned in
[earlier
posts](http://iphylo.blogspot.com/2009/12/bhl-interface-ideas.html),
such as Google maps based on extracted localities, and [tag
trees](http://iphylo.blogspot.com/2009/11/tag-trees-displaying-taxonomy-of-names.html).
It also has a modified version of my earlier [BHL
viewer](http://iphylo.blogspot.com/2009/11/biodiversity-heritage-library-viewer.html).  
  
There are a number of ideas I want to play with using BioStor, but the
main goal this site is to provide article-level metadata for BHL. As
I\'ve [discussed
earlier](http://iphylo.blogspot.com/2009/09/biodiversity-heritage-library-google.html)
(see also Chris Freeland\'s post [But where are the
articles?](http://biodiversitylibrary.blogspot.com/2008/08/but-where-are-articles.html)),
BHL has very little article-level metadata, making searching for
articles a frustrating experience. BioStor aims to make this easier by
providing an [OpenURL resolver](http://biostor.org/openurl.php) that
tries to find articles in BHL.  
  
BioStor supports the OpenURL standard, which means it can be used from  
within [EndNote](http://biostor.org/endnote.php) and
[Zotero](http://biostor.org/zotero.php). Web sites that support COinS
(such as Drupal-based [Scratchpads](http://scratchpads.eu/) and EOL\'s
[LifeDesks](http://www.lifedesks.org)) can also be uses BioStor (see
<http://biostor.org/referrer.php> for details).  
  
My approach to finding articles in BHL is to take existing metadata from
bilbiographies and databases, and use this to search BHL using
techniques ranging from reasonably elegant (Smith-Waterman alignment on
words to match titles) to down-and-dirty regular expression matching.
Since this metadata may contain errors, BioStor provides basic editing
tools (using [reCAPTCHA](http://recaptcha.net) rather than user logins
at this point).  
  
There\'s much to be done, the article finding is somewhat error-prone,
and the search requires a local copy of BHL, and mine is rather out of
date. However, it is a start.  
  
To get a flavour of BioStor, try browsing some references:  
  
<http://biostor.org/reference/1>  
<http://biostor.org/reference/4>  
[http://biostor.org/reference/12](http://biostor.org/reference/1)  
  
or view information for a journal:  
  
<http://biostor.org/issn/0007-1498>  
  
  
or an author:  
  
<http://biostor.org/author/41>  
<http://biostor.org/author/16>  
  
or a taxon name:  
  
<http://biostor.org/name/Atelophryniscus%20chrysophorus>  
  


Today I finally got a project out the door. BioStor is my take on what an interface to theBiodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) could look like. It features the visualisations I've mentioned in earlier posts, such as Google maps based on extracted localities, and tag trees.

Publicaciones de Rogue Scholar

In defence of OpenURL: making bibliographic metadata hackable

Tight versus loose coupling

BioStor