University of Glasgow

Roderic Page

![Globe](http://lh3.ggpht.com/-DjI5jztvHLo/Torg5UpjUtI/AAAAAAAABAQ/ns_tQ0q11zs/Globe.jpg?imgmax=800){border="0"
width="100" height="100" style="float:right;"}Two papers estimating the
total number of species have recently been published, one in the open
access journal *PLoS Biology*:  
  

> Camilo Mora, Derek P. Tittensor, Sina Adl, Alastair G. B. Simpson,
> Boris Worm. **How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?**.
> PLoS Biol 9(8): e1001127.
> [doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127](http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127)

![SSB logo
final](http://lh5.ggpht.com/-9I4ZTzzIe88/Torg5zXvLiI/AAAAAAAABAU/w7x4_3ddHP8/SSB_logo_final.png?imgmax=800){border="0"
width="100" height="100" style="float:right;"}  
the second in *Systematic Biology* (which has an open access option but
the authors didn\'t use it for this article):  
  

> Mark J. Costello, Simon Wilson and Brett Houlding. **Predicting total
> global species richness using rates of species description and
> estimates of taxonomic effort**. Syst Biol (2011)
> [doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr080](http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr080)

  
The first paper has gained a lot of attention, in part because Jonathan
Eisen [Bacteria & archaea don\'t get no respect from interesting but
flawed \#PLoSBio paper on \# of species on the
planet](http://phylogenomics.blogspot.com/2011/08/bacteria-archaea-dont-get-no-respect.html)
was mightily pissed off about the estimates of the number:  

> Their estimates of \~ 10,000 or so bacteria and archaea on the planet
> are so completely out of touch in my opinion that this calls into
> question the validity of their method for bacteria and archaea at all.

  
The fuss over the number of bacteria and archaea seems to me to be
largely a misunderstanding of how taxonomic databases count taxa.
Databases like Catalogue of Life record described species, and most
bacteria aren\'t formally described because they can\'t be cultured.
Hence there will always be a disparity between the extent of diversity
revealed by phylogenetics and by classical taxonomy.  
  
The *PLoS Biology* paper has garnered a lot more reaction than the
*Systematic Biology* paper (e.g., the commentary by Carl Zimmer in the
*New York Times*[How Many Species? A Study Says 8.7 Million, but It's
Tricky](http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/science/30species.html)),
which arguably has the more dramatic conclusion.  
  
**How many species, 8.7 million, or 1.8 to 2.0 million?**  
  
Whereas the Mora et al. in *PLoS Biology* concluded that there are some
8.7 million (±1.3 million SE) species on the planet, Costello et al. in
*Systematic Biology* arrive at a much more conservative figure (1.8 to
2.0 million). The implications of these two studies are very different,
one implies there\'s a lot of work to do, the other leads to headlines
such as [\'Every species on Earth could be discovered within 50
years\'](http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/news/39Every-species-could-be-discovered.6845137.jp).  
  
What is intriguing is that both studies use the same databases,
[Catalogue of Life](http://www.catalogueoflife.org/) and the [World\'s
Register of Marine Species](http://www.marinespecies.org), and yet
arrive at very different results.  
  
So, the question is, how did we arrive at two very different answers
from the same data?  
  
  


Two papers estimating the total number of species have recently been published, one in the open access journal
<em>
 PLoS Biology
</em>
:   the second in
<em>
 Systematic Biology
</em>
(which has an open access option but the authors didn't use it for this article):  The first paper has gained a lot of attention, in part because Jonathan Eisen Bacteria &amp;

How many species are there, and why do we get two very different answers from same data?

[![](http://darwin.zoology.gla.ac.uk/~rpage/MyToL/www/images/526.png){style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px;"
border="0"}](http://darwin.zoology.gla.ac.uk/~rpage/MyToL/www/images/526.png){onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"}  
Seems obvious in retrospect, but on of the great things about putting
stuff online is that it may be useful to other people. What seems like
ages ago I developed the [Glasgow Taxonomic Name
Server](http://darwin.zoology.gla.ac.uk/~rpage/MyToL/www/) to experiment
with searching for and display taxonomic names and classifications. As
part of that work I developed a SOAP web service, and wrote a tutorial
on how to use [SOAP from within Microsoft
Excel](http://darwin.zoology.gla.ac.uk/~rpage/MyToL/www/excel.php). I
did this mainly for my own benefit, so that I wouldn\'t forget how to do
it (much Googling was required). This tutorial has been
[reproduced](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=webservice),
updated and credited, by the World Register of Marine Species
([WoMRS](http://www.marinespecies.org/)). I only realised this after
browsing the WoMRS site after following a [recent conversation on
TAXACOM about the proper name of the sperm
whale](http://taxacom.markmail.org/search/?q=sperm%20whale%20date%3A200807%20).
The take home message is that you never know who will make use of
something you\'ve done, and the chances are that if you\'ve solved a
problem, somebody else may well benefit from your solution.


Seems obvious in retrospect, but on of the great things about putting stuff online is that it may be useful to other people. What seems like ages ago I developed the Glasgow Taxonomic Name Server to experiment with searching for and display taxonomic names and classifications. As part of that work I developed a SOAP web service, and wrote a tutorial on how to use SOAP from within Microsoft Excel.

Messaggi di Rogue Scholar

How many species are there, and why do we get two very different answers from same data?

It pays to put things on the Web