Stephen Royle

We have a [new paper](https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202203021) out. It's
about how chromosomes get shared during cell division.

## The paper in a nutshell {#the-paper-in-a-nutshell .wp-block-heading}

### In science-speak {#in-science-speak .wp-block-heading}

Misaligned chromosomes outside the exclusion zone become *ensheathed *in
multiple layers of endomembranes. This event consigns the chromosome to
missegregation and generates a micronucleus.

### In normal language {#in-normal-language .wp-block-heading}

Cells can make mistakes when they divide. A mistake can mean that a
chromosome becomes entangled in membranes. If the cell goes ahead and
divides in that state, the chromosome turns into a very small version of
the cell nucleus called a micronucleus. Cancer can start from cells with
micronuclei.

## What did we find? {#what-did-we-find .wp-block-heading}

When a cell divides, it makes a copy of every chromosome and then shares
them equally between the two new cells. This is done by a process called
mitosis. The sharing of chromosomes is done by a complicated machine in
the cell called the mitotic spindle. Chromosome sharing is really
important. If something goes wrong here it means that the two new cells
are aneuploid (meaning they don't have the right number of chromosomes).

Cancer cells are aneuploid and they also make lots of mistakes when
sharing chromosomes. Understanding this how this happens is a major goal
in cancer cell biology. It is also known that cancer can start from a
cell that has formed a micronucleus.

Most scientists working on chromosome sharing have focussed, quite
rightly, on the spindle. It had been known for many years that the
spindle is in an area of the cell called the exclusion zone. This area
has no membranes. This means that outside of the spindle is a tangled
web of membranes. Not many scientists have examined these membranes
during mitosis.

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full">
<img
src="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/exclusionzone.png?resize=640%2C240&amp;ssl=1"
class="wp-image-2683" loading="lazy" decoding="async"
data-attachment-id="2683"
data-permalink="https://quantixed.org/2022/04/29/alignment-zone-new-paper-on-chromosome-missegregation/exclusionzone/"
data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/exclusionzone.png?fit=989%2C371&amp;ssl=1"
data-orig-size="989,371" data-comments-opened="1"
data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}"
data-image-title="exclusionzone" data-image-description=""
data-image-caption=""
data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/exclusionzone.png?fit=300%2C113&amp;ssl=1"
data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/exclusionzone.png?fit=640%2C240&amp;ssl=1"
srcset="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/exclusionzone.png?w=989&amp;ssl=1 989w, https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/exclusionzone.png?resize=300%2C113&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/exclusionzone.png?resize=768%2C288&amp;ssl=1 768w"
sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-recalc-dims="1" width="640"
height="240" />
<figcaption>A human cell with endomembranes shown in green, chromosomes
in red and the spindle in white. Taken from Ferrandiz et al.
2022</figcaption>
</figure>

We wondered: **what happens if a chromosome wanders off and gets lost in
this web of membranes**?

Homer here represents a chromosome getting lost in membranes.

<figure
class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-18 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large">
<img
src="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/iu.gif?resize=498%2C361&amp;ssl=1"
class="wp-image-2396" loading="lazy" decoding="async"
data-attachment-id="2396"
data-permalink="https://quantixed.org/2022/04/29/alignment-zone-new-paper-on-chromosome-missegregation/iu/"
data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/iu.gif?fit=498%2C361&amp;ssl=1"
data-orig-size="498,361" data-comments-opened="1"
data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}"
data-image-title="iu" data-image-description="" data-image-caption=""
data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/iu.gif?fit=300%2C217&amp;ssl=1"
data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/iu.gif?fit=498%2C361&amp;ssl=1"
data-id="2396" data-recalc-dims="1" width="498" height="361" />
</figure>
</figure>

What we found is that the chromosomes that move outside this zone become
*ensheathed* in membranes. Several layers of them. They are not just
lost in there but they are kind of trapped.

We thought that this didn't look good... how can the chromosome be
rescued by the spindle to complete normal division?

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full">
<img
src="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ensheathed.png?resize=442%2C442&amp;ssl=1"
class="wp-image-2684" loading="lazy" decoding="async"
data-attachment-id="2684"
data-permalink="https://quantixed.org/2022/04/29/alignment-zone-new-paper-on-chromosome-missegregation/ensheathed/"
data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ensheathed.png?fit=442%2C442&amp;ssl=1"
data-orig-size="442,442" data-comments-opened="1"
data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}"
data-image-title="ensheathed" data-image-description=""
data-image-caption=""
data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ensheathed.png?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1"
data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ensheathed.png?fit=442%2C442&amp;ssl=1"
srcset="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ensheathed.png?w=442&amp;ssl=1 442w, https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ensheathed.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ensheathed.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w"
sizes="(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px" data-recalc-dims="1" width="442"
height="442" />
<figcaption>An ensheathed chromosome. Chromosome is red, membranes are
purple.</figcaption>
</figure>

The answer was that it can't be rescued by the spindle. These ensheathed
chromosomes don't get shared properly to the two new cells. In fact they
tend to form a micronucleus in one of the two new cells.

This part of the project was what we call correlative. We could observe
ensheathing and *correlate* that with a bad outcome in cells. There is a
saying "correlation is not causation" and we wanted to test if the
ensheathing *causes* the bad outcome. To do this we came up with a new
approach.

### "Surgery" inside living cells {#surgery-inside-living-cells .wp-block-heading}

We invented a way to remove the membranes from chromosomes that were
ensheathed. This is a bit like a surgery inside a living cell! With
surgery, if a patient has a problem -- say a blockage in an artery --
the surgeon can remove the blockage and the blood can flow freely once
more. Here we remove the membranes. If they are the *cause* of the
problem, then the chromosome should be rescued by the spindle and shared
normally. This is exactly what we found.

The details of the procedure are a bit technical. A brief description is
that we can induce the membranes to stick to the cell's plasma membrane
(boundary of the cell). This works remarkably well and it has the
potential to be used for many different things.

<figure class="wp-block-image size-full">
<img
src="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/removal-01.png?resize=640%2C366&amp;ssl=1"
class="wp-image-2685" loading="lazy" decoding="async"
data-attachment-id="2685"
data-permalink="https://quantixed.org/2022/04/29/alignment-zone-new-paper-on-chromosome-missegregation/removal-01/"
data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/removal-01.png?fit=847%2C485&amp;ssl=1"
data-orig-size="847,485" data-comments-opened="1"
data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}"
data-image-title="removal-01" data-image-description=""
data-image-caption=""
data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/removal-01.png?fit=300%2C172&amp;ssl=1"
data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/removal-01.png?fit=640%2C366&amp;ssl=1"
srcset="https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/removal-01.png?w=847&amp;ssl=1 847w, https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/removal-01.png?resize=300%2C172&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/removal-01.png?resize=768%2C440&amp;ssl=1 768w"
sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-recalc-dims="1" width="640"
height="366" />
<figcaption>Removing membranes from ensheathed chromosomes. This diagram
shows how we did it. Full details are in the paper by Ferrandiz et al.
2022</figcaption>
</figure>

These experiments showed that chromosome ensheathing is a risk factor
for aneuploidy and micronuclei formation. Full details are in the
[paper](https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202203021) which is free to read.

Edit: Lisa Donker and Susana Godinho have written [a very nice Spotlight
article](https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202204114) about our work.

## The people {#the-people .wp-block-heading}

The work was led by ace researcher Nuria Ferrandiz in my group. She did
the majority of the experiments and analysis. Laura Downie, a PhD
student in the lab, contributed to the analysis of micronuclei
formation. George Starling did some really early work on the project by
segmenting 3D EM datasets.

We've been working on this topic since 2016. The project has seen some
ups and downs. A maternity leave, a hard drive failure and a pandemic
all slowed us down a little but we managed to [post the work on bioRxiv
in April 2021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.23.441091). The preprint
was [well
received](https://prelights.biologists.com/?post_type=highlight&p=29178)
and picked up a few citations while it was undergoing peer review. It is
now out in [final form](https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202203021) in J Cell
Biol. Many thanks to our funder [Cancer Research
UK](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org) for supporting this work.

## The code {#the-code .wp-block-heading}

The code can be found [here](https://github.com/quantixed/Misseg). There
is quite a lot of functionality in the code that was not even used in
the paper in the end. I might write about that at some point!

---

The post title comes from "Alignment Zone" by The Oscillation taken from
the [first Psych Against Cancer
compilation](https://psychlovers.bandcamp.com/album/psych-against-cancer-2).

We have a new paper out. It’s about how chromosomes get shared during cell division. The paper in a nutshell  In science-speak   Misaligned chromosomes outside the exclusion zone become *ensheathed *in multiple layers of endomembranes. This event consigns the chromosome to missegregation and generates a micronucleus. In normal language   Cells can make mistakes when they divide.

Alignment Zone: new paper on chromosome missegregation

We have a new paper out! This post is to describe what our paper is about. The paper is free to read, so please take a look if you are interested.



Gabrielle Larocque, Daniel J. Moore, Méghane Sittewelle, Cansu Kuey, Joseph H.R. Hetmanski, Penelope J. La-Borde, Beverley J. Wilson, Nicholas I. Clarke, Patrick T. Caswell &amp; Stephen J. Royle



Intracellular nanovesicles mediate α5β1 integrin trafficking during cell migration



J Cell Biol&nbsp;220 (10): e202009028. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202009028">10.1083/jcb.202009028</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A quick guide to the paper</h2>



The paper in a nutshell: We show that normal cell migration and invasion in a cancer context depend on TPD54. The mechanism involves the recycling of integrins, which we demonstrate occurs via intracellular nanovesicles.



Huh? What is cell migration? Cells move a lot and this movement (migration) is needed in the body for all kinds of normal, healthy things, such as the immune response.



That sounds good, so what about cancer? There are times when you don&#8217;t want cells to move, such as in cancer. Tumour cells that move away are said to &#8220;metastasise&#8221;. This means they can make new tumours in different places in the body. This can make the cancer more difficult to treat and can mean a bad outcome for the patient. Previous work had found that patients with certain cancers, e.g. breast cancer, had high levels of Tumor Protein D52 (TPD52) and Tumor Protein D54 (TPD54). Not only that, but these patients tended to do worse because their cancer was more aggressive and migratory.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">Our lab had previously found that TPD54 is on tiny vesicles inside cells and we call them intracellular nanovesicles, or INVs for short.</blockquote>



To read more about that work, here&#8217;s a <a href="https://quantixed.org/2019/10/31/tiny-universe-new-paper-on-intracellular-nanovesicles/" data-type="post" data-id="1981">post</a> and the <a href="http://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201812044">paper</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">TPD54 is the link between INVs and cell migration</h2>



We can watch cells move around (migrating) under the microscope. We noticed that if we decrease the amount of TPD54 in cells the cells migrate less. This is shown in the video below. Notice how the cells on the right move slower and less far than the normal cells on the left. Not only that but if we make the cells express more TPD54, like in cancer, the cells migrate more. Their speed is higher.



<figure class="wp-block-video"><video controls src="https://quantixed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/migration.mp4"></video></figure>



This result is the main finding in the paper, but there is a lot of other information in there and lots of experiments. A few other highlights:



<ul><li>We found that TPD52 and TPD53 (other members of the family) behave in the same way</li><li>The changes in migration are due to altered integrin recycling</li></ul>



Integrin recycling? When cells move, they need to break and remake their attachment with the surface they are moving on. These attachments are made by integrins on the cell&#8217;s surface, binding to &#8220;extracellular matrix&#8221; proteins. One matrix protein is fibronectin and it is bound by an integrin named alpha5/beta1. The integrin&#8217;s connection with matrix is broken by it being taken up into the cell and moved in vesicles and then it is recycled to the cell surface to make a new connection. We found that alpha5/beta1 integrins were recycled differently in cells with less TPD54. This suggests that the recycling of this integrin type happens in INVs.



As well as watching cells move on a flat surface &#8211; like in the movie above &#8211; we imaged cells invading a 3D matrix. This is more similar to the way that cancer cells would move in the body. We saw similar results with these experiments suggesting that integrin recycling in INVs is important here too. This part of the paper was contributed by Pat Caswell&#8217;s group at University of Manchester.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The people</h2>



The paper is mainly the work of Gabrielle Larocque but there were a bunch of other people who made important contributions, particularly during the revision stage. The invasion experiments were in collaboration with Joe Hetmanski, Bev Wilson, and Pat Caswell at University of Manchester. Nick Clarke did the correlative light-electron microscopy imaging of INVs. Penny La-Borde figured out how to test if TPD54 binds direct to vesicles. Daniel Moore extended this analysis during the revisions as well as doing proteomic analysis of INVs. Méghane Sittewelle did many cell migration experiments and integrin imaging for the revisions. Cansu Kuey imaged INVs wiggling around and she quantified mitochondrial aggregation. You can meet the folks in our lab&nbsp;<a href="http://mechanochemistry.org/Royle/people/">here</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Path to publication</h2>



This was a pandemic paper. Although some of this work dates back to 2014, Gabrielle wrote the first draft of the paper during the first UK national lockdown in 2020. We posted it to bioRxiv in summer 2020 and sent it to J Cell Biol for consideration. As always, the review process was robust and a number of suggestions came back. Unfortunately they required a lot of experimental work to answer at a time when we had only limited access to the lab due to the pandemic. Not only that but many authors, including Gabrielle, had moved on to other jobs. Other scientists were drafted in to do the work here and in Manchester. Eventually we sent the revised paper back. J Cell Biol waived their normal time allowance for revisions which was great. It was a tough situation and the contributors, particularly Daniel and Méghane put in so much work to complete everything. The paper was accepted at the end of June 2021.



The work was funded by UKRI MRC and the money for publishing the paper Open Access came from the University&#8217;s UKRI block grant. Did I mention it&#8217;s free to read? Here is the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202009028">link</a>.



—



The post title is taken from “Culture Move” by Asian Dub Foundation from their album Rafi’s Revenge. If you are having some déjà vu, this is an updated version of an earlier <a href="https://quantixed.org/2020/08/21/culture-move-new-preprint-on-cell-migration/" data-type="post" data-id="2226">post</a>.

We have a new paper out! This post is to describe what our paper is
about. The paper is free to read, so please take a look if you are
interested.

Gabrielle Larocque, Daniel J. Moore, Méghane Sittewelle, Cansu Kuey,
Joseph H.R. Hetmanski, Penelope J. La-Borde, Beverley J. Wilson,
Nicholas I. Clarke, Patrick T. Caswell & Stephen J. Royle

**Intracellular nanovesicles mediate α5β1 integrin trafficking during
cell migration**

*J Cell Biol* 220 (10): e202009028. doi:
[10.1083/jcb.202009028](https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202009028)

## A quick guide to the paper {#a-quick-guide-to-the-paper .wp-block-heading}

**The paper in a nutshell:** We show that normal cell migration and
invasion in a cancer context depend on TPD54. The mechanism involves the
recycling of integrins, which we demonstrate occurs via intracellular
nanovesicles.

**Huh? What is cell migration?** Cells move a lot and this movement
(migration) is needed in the body for all kinds of normal, healthy
things, such as the immune response.

**That sounds good, so what about cancer?** There are times when you
don't want cells to move, such as in cancer. Tumour cells that move away
are said to "metastasise". This means they can make new tumours in
different places in the body. This can make the cancer more difficult to
treat and can mean a bad outcome for the patient. Previous work had
found that patients with certain cancers, e.g. breast cancer, had high
levels of Tumor Protein D52 (TPD52) and Tumor Protein D54 (TPD54). Not
only that, but these patients tended to do worse because their cancer
was more aggressive and migratory.

> Our lab had previously found that TPD54 is on tiny vesicles inside
> cells and we call them intracellular nanovesicles, or INVs for short.

To read more about that work, here's a
[post](https://quantixed.org/2019/10/31/tiny-universe-new-paper-on-intracellular-nanovesicles/){data-type="post"
data-id="1981"} and the [paper](http://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201812044).

## TPD54 is the link between INVs and cell migration {#tpd54-is-the-link-between-invs-and-cell-migration .wp-block-heading}

We can watch cells move around (migrating) under the microscope. We
noticed that if we *decrease* the amount of TPD54 in cells the cells
migrate less. This is shown in the video below. Notice how the cells on
the right move slower and less far than the normal cells on the left.
Not only that but if we make the cells express *more* TPD54, like in
cancer, the cells migrate more. Their speed is higher.

<figure class="wp-block-video">

</figure>

This result is the main finding in the paper, but there is a lot of
other information in there and lots of experiments. A few other
highlights:

- We found that TPD52 and TPD53 (other members of the family) behave in
 the same way
- The changes in migration are due to altered integrin recycling

**Integrin recycling?** When cells move, they need to break and remake
their attachment with the surface they are moving on. These attachments
are made by integrins on the cell's surface, binding to "extracellular
matrix" proteins. One matrix protein is fibronectin and it is bound by
an integrin named alpha5/beta1. The integrin's connection with matrix is
broken by it being taken up into the cell and moved in vesicles and then
it is recycled to the cell surface to make a new connection. We found
that alpha5/beta1 integrins were recycled differently in cells with less
TPD54. This suggests that the recycling of this integrin type happens in
INVs.

As well as watching cells move on a flat surface -- like in the movie
above -- we imaged cells invading a 3D matrix. This is more similar to
the way that cancer cells would move in the body. We saw similar results
with these experiments suggesting that integrin recycling in INVs is
important here too. This part of the paper was contributed by Pat
Caswell's group at University of Manchester.

## **The people** {#the-people .wp-block-heading}

The paper is mainly the work of Gabrielle Larocque but there were a
bunch of other people who made important contributions, particularly
during the revision stage. The invasion experiments were in
collaboration with Joe Hetmanski, Bev Wilson, and Pat Caswell at
University of Manchester. Nick Clarke did the correlative light-electron
microscopy imaging of INVs. Penny La-Borde figured out how to test if
TPD54 binds direct to vesicles. Daniel Moore extended this analysis
during the revisions as well as doing proteomic analysis of INVs.
Méghane Sittewelle did many cell migration experiments and integrin
imaging for the revisions. Cansu Kuey imaged INVs wiggling around and
she quantified mitochondrial aggregation. You can meet the folks in our
lab [here](http://mechanochemistry.org/Royle/people/).

## Path to publication {#path-to-publication .wp-block-heading}

This was a pandemic paper. Although some of this work dates back to
2014, Gabrielle wrote the first draft of the paper during the first UK
national lockdown in 2020. We posted it to bioRxiv in summer 2020 and
sent it to J Cell Biol for consideration. As always, the review process
was robust and a number of suggestions came back. Unfortunately they
required a lot of experimental work to answer at a time when we had only
limited access to the lab due to the pandemic. Not only that but many
authors, including Gabrielle, had moved on to other jobs. Other
scientists were drafted in to do the work here and in Manchester.
Eventually we sent the revised paper back. J Cell Biol waived their
normal time allowance for revisions which was great. It was a tough
situation and the contributors, particularly Daniel and Méghane put in
so much work to complete everything. The paper was accepted at the end
of June 2021.

The work was funded by UKRI MRC and the money for publishing the paper
Open Access came from the University's UKRI block grant. Did I mention
it's free to read? Here is the
[link](https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202009028).

---

The post title is taken from "Culture Move" by Asian Dub Foundation from
their album Rafi's Revenge. If you are having some déjà vu, this is an
updated version of an earlier
[post](https://quantixed.org/2020/08/21/culture-move-new-preprint-on-cell-migration/){data-type="post"
data-id="2226"}.

We have a new paper out! This post is to describe what our paper is about. The paper is free to read, so please take a look if you are interested. Gabrielle Larocque, Daniel J. Moore, Méghane Sittewelle, Cansu Kuey, Joseph H.R. Hetmanski, Penelope J. La-Borde, Beverley J. Wilson, Nicholas I. Clarke, Patrick T. Caswell &amp;


Rogue Scholar Beiträge

Alignment Zone: new paper on chromosome missegregation

Culture Move: new paper on integrin recycling and cell migration