Peter Desmet

Damiano Oldoni

Lien Reyserhove

Imagine you are a fish ecologist who compiled a list of fish species for
your country. 🐟

Your list could be useful to others, so you publish it as a
supplementary file to an article or in a research repository. That is
fantastic, but it might be difficult for others to discover your list or
combine it with other lists of species. Luckily there's a better way to
publish species lists: as a standardized checklist that can be harvested
and processed by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). We
created a documented template to do that in R, which recently won the
[GBIF Ebbe Nielsen
Challenge](https://www.gbif.org/news/4TuHBNfycgO4GEMOKkMi4u/six-winners-top-the-2018-ebbe-nielsen-challenge).
In this post we explain how we did that and highlight some of the tools
we discovered along the way.

### What is GBIF?

For those unfamiliar with the [Global Biodiversity Information Facility
(GBIF)](https://www.gbif.org/), it is an international network and
research infrastructure funded by the world's governments, aimed at
providing anyone, anywhere, open access to data about all types of life
on Earth. GBIF is best known for the trove of species occurrences ([over
1 billion](https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search)!) it is making
accessible from hundreds of publishing institutions, but it is doing the
same for species information, such as names, classifications and known
distributions.

Anyone can [publish species
information](https://www.gbif.org/publishing-data) (called "checklist
data") to GBIF. When you do, GBIF will create a page for your dataset
([example](https://doi.org/10.15468/xvuzfh)), assign a DOI, and
match^[1](#fn:1){.footnote-ref role="doc-noteref"}^ your scientific
names to its [backbone taxonomy](https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei),
allowing your data to be linked, discoverable and integrated. Species
pages on GBIF for example
([example](https://www.gbif.org/species/5851603)) are automatically
built from the over
[25,000](https://www.gbif.org/dataset/search?type=CHECKLIST) checklist
datasets that have been published. All your checklist information also
becomes available via the GBIF API
([example](https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/141117238)) and can be
queried using the [rgbif](https://github.com/ropensci/rgbif) package.

So, why isn't everyone publishing checklists? Because the data can only
be reasonably integrated if they are published in a standardized way.
All GBIF mediated-data (including occurrences) have to be published in
the [Darwin Core](https://www.gbif.org/darwin-core) standard, fitting a
standard structure (Darwin Core Archives), columns (Darwin Core terms)
and sometimes values (controlled vocabularies), which can be
challenging. [Templates](https://www.gbif.org/dataset-classes) and the
[GBIF Integrated Publishing Toolkit](https://www.gbif.org/ipt)
facilitates standardization or "mapping", but only caters for the most
basic use cases. It also forces you to change the structure of your
source data and involves many manual steps. To solve this, we created a
recipe to facilitate and automate this process using R.

### The checklist recipe

Our [Checklist
recipe](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe/wiki) is a
**template GitHub repository for standardizing species checklist data to
Darwin Core using R**. It contains all the ingredients to make your data
standardization open, repeatable, customizable and documented. The
recipe has considerably streamlined our own work to publish [seven
checklists](https://www.gbif.org/dataset/search?type=CHECKLIST&project_id=trias)
on alien species for Belgium, which is one of the goals of the [Tracking
Invasive Alien Species (TrIAS) project](http://www.trias-project.be/),
an open data-driven framework to support Belgian federal policy on
invasive species. Making biodiversity research more efficient and
reproducible is the core mission of [our
team](https://pureportal.inbo.be/portal/en/organisations/oscibio(0ab4aa1e-b25f-4dc3-90c1-ddcfbc726fe8).html)
at the Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO). A mission we
tackle by supporting researchers in publishing open data and developing
open source software.

The basic idea behind the Checklist recipe is:

> source data → Darwin Core mapping script → generated Darwin Core files

By changing the source data and/or the mapping script, you can alter the
generated Darwin Core files. The main advantage is **repeatability**:
once you have done the mapping, you don't have to start from scratch if
your source data has been updated. You can just run the mapping script
again (with a little tweak here and there) and upload the generated
files to a GBIF Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) for publication. And
by having a mapping script, your mapping is also **documented**.

Rather than explaining how you can use the Checklist recipe - [we've
documented this in a
wiki](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe/wiki/Getting-started) -
we'd like to highlight some of the tools and techniques we discovered in
developing it.

### Tools & techniques

#### Cookiecutter data science

The recipe shares the **same repository structure** we use for all our
data transformation repositories. We didn't invent one, but adopted
[Cookiecutter Data
Science](https://drivendata.github.io/cookiecutter-data-science/): "a
logical, reasonably standardized, but flexible project structure for
doing and sharing data science work". The main advantage we think is
that it allows anyone (and us) to easily find their way around a
repository, making it easier to contribute. It also saves precious time
setting up a repository, because there are fewer decisions (e.g. naming
things) to be made.

Below is the directory structure we
[adopted](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe) for
checklist repositories. Files and directories indicated with `GENERATED`
should not be edited manually.

``` {tabindex="0"}
├── README.md              : Description of the repository├── LICENSE                : Repository license├── checklist-recipe.Rproj : RStudio project file├── .gitignore             : Files and directories to be ignored by git│├── data│   ├── raw                : Source data, input for mapping script│   └── processed          : Darwin Core output of mapping script GENERATED│├── docs                   : Repository website GENERATED│└── src    ├── dwc_mapping.Rmd    : Darwin Core mapping script, core functionality of the repository    ├── _site.yml          : Settings to build website in /docs    └── index.Rmd          : Template for website homepage
```

#### R Markdown

The core functionality of our recipe is an [R Markdown
file](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe/wiki/R-Markdown)
called
[`dwc_mapping.Rmd`](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe/blob/master/src/dwc_mapping.Rmd)
(i.e. the "mapping script"). If you are [unfamiliar with R
Markdown](https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/lesson-1.html), it is a file
format that allows you to mix text (written in
[Markdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown)) with executable code
chunks (in R). It is comparable with an R script, in which the comments
explaining the code are given as much value as the code itself. It has
the advantage that you can describe *and* then execute each step of your
data processing in the same document, nudging you to better document
what you are doing. This is called "[literate
programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming)" and it
is one of the steps to make research more reproducible.

You can simply run the code of an R Markdown file by opening it in
RStudio and choosing `Run > Run all` (or code chunk by code chunk) or
you can render as a report using `knit`. R Markdown supports a whole
range of file formats for these reports (including `html` and `pdf`).

#### R Markdown websites

If you are using R Markdown in a GitHub repository, you have all the
ingredients to generate a small website showcasing your mapping script
in a visually pleasing way
([example](https://trias-project.github.io/alien-fishes-checklist/dwc_mapping.html)).
And it can be hosted on GitHub for free! To learn more, read the
[documentation on R Markdown
websites](https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/rmarkdown_websites.htm). The
basic setup is:

1.  Create an
    [`index.Rmd`](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe/blob/master/src/index.Rmd)
    file at the same level as your other R Markdown files (in the `src`
    directory). That file will be the homepage of your website. Since we
    don't want to repeat ourselves, we [inject the
    content](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe/blob/master/src/index.Rmd#L7-L8)
    of the repository `README.md` in the homepage.
2.  Create a
    [`_site.yml`](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe/blob/master/src/_site.yml)
    file at the same level as your `index.Rmd` file. It contains the
    settings for your website. Set at minimum a `name`,
    [`navbar`](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe/blob/master/src/_site.yml#L3-L7)
    and `output_dir: "../docs"` so the website is created in the `/docs`
    directory (which you need to create as well).
3.  Go to `Build > Configure Build Tools…` in RStudio and set Project
    build tools as `Website` with Site directory as `src`. You will now
    have a build pane in RStudio where you can click `Build Website` to
    build your website.

This setup has already been done in our recipe.

To serve your website, commit and push your changes to GitHub, go to
your repository settings and choose the `/docs ` directory to [build a
GitHub pages
site](https://help.github.com/articles/configuring-a-publishing-source-for-github-pages/#publishing-your-github-pages-site-from-a-docs-folder-on-your-master-branch).
After a couple of seconds, your website should be available at
`<username>.github.io/<reponame>/`. Don't forget to add it to your repo
description so users can find it.

#### here

In order to share working directory and build settings, we like to
include the RStudio project file in our repositories, ideally in the
root and with the same name as the project/repository (e.g.
`checklist-recipe.Rproj`). But that posed a problem with relative links
and the difference between running and knitting the code.

- When **running** code, the working directory is where the `.Rproj`
  file is located (the root), so a relative path to a data file would be
  `data/raw/checklist.xlsx`
- When **knitting/building** code, the working directory is where the R
  Markdown file is located (`/src`), so a relative path to a data file
  would be `../data/raw/checklist.xlsx`

Obviously that created problems and the only way we could make it work
is by having the `.Rproj` file in the `/src` directory, so that both
running and knitting would use the same working directory. That is,
until we discovered the [here](https://github.com/r-lib/here) package:

::: {.highlight}
``` {.chroma tabindex="0"}
library(here)
```
:::

Rather than hardcoding a path, you just use:

::: {.highlight}
``` {.chroma tabindex="0"}
input_data <- read_excel(path = here("data", "raw", "checklist.xlsx"))
```
:::

And `here()` will walk up your directory structure until it finds
something that [looks like the
top-level](https://github.com/jennybc/here_here#the-fine-print) and find
the file from there. Makes linking to files so much easier!

#### The `%<>%` pipe

We use "piping" (i.e. using the *pipe operator* `%>%` or *pipe*) to
increase the readability of our code:

::: {.highlight}
``` {.chroma tabindex="0"}
# Take the dataframe "taxon", group the values of the column "input_kingdom" and show a count for each unique valuetaxon %>%  group_by(input_kingdom) %>%  count()
```
:::

Which is a [more readable
way](https://datacarpentry.org/R-ecology-lesson/03-dplyr.html#pipes)
than the classic approach of nesting functions:

::: {.highlight}
``` {.chroma tabindex="0"}
count(group_by(taxon, input_kingdom))
```
:::

One pipe you might not recognize is the *compound assignment pipe
operator* or `%<>%`:

::: {.highlight}
``` {.chroma tabindex="0"}
# Take the dataframe "taxon" and add the column "kingdom" with value "Animalia" for all recordstaxon %<>% mutate(kingdom = "Animalia")
```
:::

Which is a shorthand for writing:

::: {.highlight}
``` {.chroma tabindex="0"}
taxon <- taxon %>% mutate(kingdom = "Animalia")
```
:::

It's mainly useful if you want to transform a dataframe in consecutive
steps, like **adding** Darwin Core terms as columns. The `%<>%` pipe is
not included with `dplyr` or `tidyverse`, so you have to load `magrittr`
separately to use it:

::: {.highlight}
``` {.chroma tabindex="0"}
library(magrittr)
```
:::

#### rgbif

We mostly rely on the [dplyr](https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/) functions
`mutate()`, `recode()` and `case_when()` to [map data to Darwin
Core](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe/wiki/Tidyverse-functions).
But to verify that our scientific names are well-formed, we use the
rOpenSci package [rgbif](https://github.com/ropensci/rgbif) to interact
with another service by GBIF: the name parser^[2](#fn:2){.footnote-ref
role="doc-noteref"}^:

::: {.highlight}
``` {.chroma tabindex="0"}
parsed_names <- input_data %>%  distinct(input_scientific_name) %>% # Retrieve unique scientific names  pull() %>%                        # Create vector from dataframe  rgbif::parsenames()               # Parse scientific names and save as parsed_names
```
:::

The name parser checks if a scientific name (a string such as
`Amaranthus macrocarpus Benth. var. pallidus Benth.`) is well-formed
(i.e. follows the nomenclatural rules) and breaks it down in components:

- type: `SCIENTIFIC`
- genusOrAbove: `Amaranthus`
- specificEpithet: `macrocarpus`
- infraspecificEpithet: `pallidus`
- authorship: `Benth.`
- canonicalName: `Amaranthus macrocarpus pallidus`
- rankMarker: `var.`

We use this information to verify if our scientific names are indeed
written as scientific names and to populate the taxon rank (a mandatory
Darwin Core term for checklists) using `rankMarker`. Note that the name
parser does not check the existence of a scientific name against an
existing registry. That is done by the [GBIF species
lookup](https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup) tool we discussed
above, which verifies the existence of a name in the GBIF backbone
taxonomy.

[rgbif](https://github.com/ropensci/rgbif) provides many more functions
to interact with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and we use
the package extensively for our [TrIAS
project](https://github.com/trias-project).

### Conclusion

Our recipe grew organically from experience we gained publishing data to
GBIF. We saw the GBIF Ebbe Nielsen Challenge as an opportunity to bottle
and document what we had learned in an opinionated template to help
others and we hope this blog post highlighted a few tips and tricks that
might be useful to you as well. If you want to use the recipe to publish
your own checklist data, [start
here](https://github.com/trias-project/checklist-recipe/wiki).

We are strongly convinced that the future of biodiversity research (and
science in general) is open. We are proud to co-win the GBIF Ebbe
Nielsen Challenge and took it as an opportunity to give back. That is
why we are donating half of our prize money to
[NumFOCUS](https://numfocus.org/), an organization sponsoring several
open source initiatives we rely on every day (including rOpenSci)
improving the quality of science worldwide. Supporting open source
research software means supporting your own research after all.

If you want to get in touch with our team, contact us via
[Twitter](https://twitter.com/oscibio) or
[email](mailto:oscibio@inbo.be).

::: {.footnotes role="doc-endnotes"}

------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.  ::: {#fn:1}
    GBIF also provides this matching functionality via its [species
    lookup tool](https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup), where you
    can check how names in your CSV file match to the GBIF Backbone
    Taxonomy. [↩︎](#fnref:1){.footnote-backref role="doc-backlink"}
    :::

2.  ::: {#fn:2}
    The GBIF name parser is available as an [interactive
    tool](https://www.gbif.org/tools/name-parser) as
    well. [↩︎](#fnref:2){.footnote-backref role="doc-backlink"}
    :::
:::


Imagine you are a fish ecologist who compiled a list of fish species for your country. 🐟 Your list could be useful to others, so you publish it as a supplementary file to an article or in a research repository. That is fantastic, but it might be difficult for others to discover your list or combine it with other lists of species.

Postagens de Rogue Scholar

Checklist Recipe - How we created a template to standardize species data