Wondrous secrets lurk within carnivore droppings, revealing species, diets, and more—but which analysis technique unlocks the most valuable information?

Erzsebet Frey

Carnivore scat analysis techniques offer a wealth of information about
wildlife without direct contact. You\'ll start with **visual
inspection**, examining size, shape, and contents. **DNA analysis** can
identify
[species](https://simplyecologist.com/marine-plankton-species-list/) and
individual animals, while **hormone analysis** reveals stress levels and
reproductive status. **Parasite detection** provides insights into
health, and isotope analysis reconstructs diet patterns. When collecting
scat, you\'ll need to follow specific preservation methods based on the
intended analysis. Chemical analysis and genetic databases further
enhance the depth of information gleaned from scat. These **non-invasive
methods** are essential for understanding carnivore ecology and
behavior. Exploring each technique will uncover the fascinating world
hidden within animal droppings.

## Visual Inspection Methods

Examining scat visually is often the first step in **carnivore scat
analysis**. You\'ll want to start by observing the scat\'s **size,
shape, and color**, as these can provide initial clues about the species
that produced it. Look for any **obvious contents** like fur, bones, or
plant material. You should measure the scat\'s length and diameter, and
note its overall form -- whether it\'s tubular, segmented, or has a
distinctive shape.

Next, you\'ll need to carefully **break apart the scat** to **examine
its contents** more closely. Use tools like tweezers and a magnifying
glass to separate and identify different components. You\'re looking for
hair, feathers, scales, teeth, claws, seeds, and other **identifiable
remnants**. Document the relative proportions of these materials, as
they\'ll help determine the carnivore\'s diet.

Pay attention to the **texture and consistency** of the scat, which can
indicate the animal\'s health and digestive processes. You should also
note any unusual odors or colors that might suggest specific prey items
or health issues.

Remember to wear protective gear and follow proper hygiene protocols
when handling scat to avoid potential disease transmission.

## DNA Analysis Techniques

While visual inspection provides valuable insights, **DNA analysis
techniques** offer a more precise method for identifying the carnivore
species and its prey.

You\'ll need to **extract DNA** from the scat sample, which can be done
using various methods like **silica-based extraction** or
phenol-chloroform extraction. Once you\'ve obtained the DNA, you\'ll
amplify specific genetic markers using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).

For **species identification**, you\'ll typically target **mitochondrial
DNA** regions like cytochrome b or the control region. These areas are
highly variable between species but conserved within a species. You can
then compare the amplified sequences to known databases to determine the
carnivore species.

To identify **prey species**, you\'ll use similar techniques but focus
on different genetic markers. Often, you\'ll target regions of the
**cytochrome c oxidase subunit I** (COI) gene, which is widely used for
DNA barcoding. By analyzing these sequences, you can identify multiple
prey species from a single scat sample.

DNA metabarcoding is an advanced technique that allows you to
simultaneously identify multiple species in a sample, providing a
thorough picture of the **carnivore\'s diet** and ecosystem
interactions.

## Hormone Analysis in Scat

Hormone analysis in **scat** offers three
[key](https://simplyecologist.com/zooplankton-identification-key/)
insights into carnivore biology and ecology. First, it allows you to
assess an animal\'s **stress levels** by measuring **cortisol
concentrations**. This can help you understand how environmental factors
or human activities impact carnivore populations.

Second, you can determine **reproductive status** by analyzing **sex
hormones** like estrogen and testosterone. This information is essential
for monitoring breeding cycles and population dynamics.

Third, **hormone analysis** enables you to evaluate an animal\'s
**nutritional status** through **thyroid hormone levels**. This can
provide valuable data on food availability and habitat quality.

To conduct hormone analysis, you\'ll need to collect fresh scat samples
and preserve them properly, typically by freezing or using ethanol. In
the lab, you\'ll extract hormones using specialized techniques like
radioimmunoassay or enzyme immunoassay.

It\'s important to note that hormone levels in scat can be affected by
various factors, including diet, age, and season. Consequently, you
should always interpret results within the context of other ecological
data.

## Parasite Detection and Identification

Parasites lurking in **carnivore scat** can reveal essential information
about an animal\'s **health** and its ecosystem. To detect and identify
these **parasites**, you\'ll need to employ specific techniques. First,
you\'ll want to collect fresh scat samples and preserve them properly,
usually in a formalin solution or by refrigeration.

Next, you\'ll use **flotation** or **sedimentation** methods to separate
parasites from fecal matter. Flotation involves mixing the sample with a
dense solution, causing parasites to float to the surface. Sedimentation
relies on gravity to separate heavier parasites from lighter debris.

Once isolated, you\'ll examine the samples under a **microscope**.
You\'ll look for eggs, larvae, or adult parasites. Identification often
requires expertise in parasite morphology. You may need to measure
specific features or use staining techniques to highlight key
structures.

For more accurate results, you can employ **molecular techniques** like
PCR to detect parasite DNA. This method\'s particularly useful for
identifying species that are difficult to distinguish visually.

## Isotope Analysis for Diet Reconstruction

In recent years, **isotope analysis** has revolutionized our
understanding of **carnivore diets**. This technique allows you to
reconstruct an animal\'s diet by examining the ratios of **stable
isotopes** in its scat. You\'ll primarily focus on **carbon and nitrogen
isotopes**, which provide insights into the types of plants and animals
consumed.

To perform isotope analysis, you\'ll need to collect and prepare **scat
samples** carefully. After drying and homogenizing the samples, you\'ll
use a **mass spectrometer** to measure the isotope ratios. The results
are then compared to isotope signatures of potential prey items in the
carnivore\'s habitat.

You\'ll find that carbon isotopes (δ¹³C) help distinguish between C3 and
C4 plant-based diets, while nitrogen isotopes (δ¹⁵N) indicate the
**trophic level** of consumed prey. By combining these data, you can
create a more thorough picture of the carnivore\'s dietary habits.

It\'s important to note that isotope analysis provides a time-averaged
diet estimate, typically reflecting food consumption over several weeks
or months. This makes it an excellent complement to traditional scat
analysis methods, offering a broader perspective on carnivore **feeding
ecology**.

## Scat Collection and Preservation

Before you begin any **scat analysis**, **proper collection** and
**preservation of samples** is essential. When collecting scat, you\'ll
need to **wear gloves** and use sterilized tools to avoid contamination.
Record the location, date, and any relevant environmental conditions. If
possible, collect **fresh samples**, as older scat may have degraded or
been altered by insects or weather.

For preservation, you have several options depending on your analysis
goals. If you\'re conducting **DNA analysis**, freeze the samples
immediately or preserve them in ethanol. For diet studies, air-drying or
freezing is preferable. If you\'re examining parasites, use formalin
solution.

Label each sample clearly with a unique identifier, collection details,
and intended analysis. When transporting samples, use coolers with ice
packs to maintain temperature.

In the lab, store samples according to their preservation method --
frozen samples in a -20°C freezer, ethanol-preserved samples at room
temperature, and formalin-fixed samples in a cool, dark place.

Always follow **biosafety protocols** when handling scat, as it may
contain harmful pathogens. Proper collection and preservation guarantee
the integrity of your samples for **accurate analysis**.

## Technology in Scat Analysis

Once you\'ve collected and preserved your scat samples, it\'s time to
put cutting-edge technology to work. **DNA analysis** has revolutionized
**scat studies**, allowing you to identify individual animals and even
determine their sex. You\'ll use polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
techniques to amplify small amounts of DNA from epithelial cells shed in
the scat.

Next, you\'ll employ **molecular diet analysis**. This involves
extracting DNA from prey remains in the scat and comparing it to
**genetic databases**. It\'s more precise than traditional microscopic
examination and can identify prey species that might otherwise be
overlooked.

You\'ll also use **stable isotope analysis** to gain insights into
carnivore diets and habitat use. By examining ratios of carbon and
nitrogen isotopes in scat, you can infer information about the animal\'s
**trophic level** and the ecosystems it inhabits.

For **hormone analysis**, you\'ll use **immunoassay techniques** to
measure stress and reproductive hormones in scat samples. This
non-invasive method provides valuable data on animal physiology and
behavior.

Lastly, you might employ spectroscopy or **gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry** to analyze chemical compounds in scat, revealing
additional information about diet, health, and environmental exposure.


Carnivore scat analysis techniques offer a wealth of information about wildlife without direct contact. You'll start with

 visual inspection

, examining size, shape, and contents.

 DNA analysis

can identify species and individual animals, while

 hormone analysis

reveals stress levels and reproductive status.

Carnivore Scat Analysis Techniques

How can tiny plankton be preserved for scientific study? Discover the surprising range of techniques, from freezing to drying, that researchers use.

To preserve
[plankton](https://simplyecologist.com/zooplankton-sampling-techniques/),
you\'ve got several options. Traditional **chemical fixation** uses
formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, while **cryopreservation** involves
rapid freezing with liquid nitrogen. **Dehydration methods** like
air-drying or freeze-drying can work for some
[species](https://simplyecologist.com/marine-plankton-species-list/).
For microscopy, you\'ll need to prepare slides carefully, possibly with
staining. If you\'re focusing on **genomic preservation**, quick action
is key---use methods like flash-freezing or chemical stabilizers. Live
culture maintenance requires mimicking natural habitats. For
non-invasive studies, **environmental DNA
[sampling](https://simplyecologist.com/zooplankton-sampling-techniques/)**
is an emerging technique. Each method has its pros and cons, affecting
how you can analyze the samples later. Exploring these techniques
further will reveal which best suits your research needs.

## Traditional Chemical Fixation Methods

For decades, **traditional chemical fixation** has been the go-to method
for **preserving plankton samples**. You\'ll find that **formaldehyde
and glutaraldehyde** are the most commonly used fixatives in this
process. To begin, you\'ll need to add these chemicals to your plankton
sample immediately after collection to prevent degradation.

When using formaldehyde, you\'ll typically create a **4% solution in
seawater**. It\'s excellent for preserving overall morphology but can
cause some shrinkage. Glutaraldehyde, on the other hand, is often used
at a 2.5% concentration and is particularly good for maintaining
**cellular ultrastructure**.

You\'ll want to be aware that these chemicals can alter the sample\'s
appearance and biochemical composition. They\'re also **hazardous**, so
you\'ll need to handle them with care and use proper protective
equipment.

After fixation, you\'ll need to store your samples in **airtight
containers** to prevent evaporation. It\'s important to label each
sample with the date, location, and fixative used.

## Cryopreservation Techniques

While traditional methods have their place, **cryopreservation
techniques** offer a modern approach to plankton preservation. You\'ll
find that these methods involve **rapidly freezing** plankton samples to
extremely low temperatures, typically using **liquid nitrogen**. This
process halts all **biological activity**, effectively \"suspending\"
the organisms in time.

To cryopreserve plankton, you\'ll first need to prepare your samples
with a **cryoprotectant solution**. This helps prevent the formation of
**ice crystals** that could damage cellular structures. Common
cryoprotectants include glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

Next, you\'ll gradually cool the samples before plunging them into
liquid nitrogen at -196°C.

One advantage of cryopreservation is that it preserves the plankton\'s
**genetic material** and cellular structures more accurately than
chemical fixation. This makes it ideal for studies involving DNA
[analysis](https://simplyecologist.com/carnivore-scat-analysis-techniques/)
or fine structural details.

However, you should be aware that not all plankton species tolerate the
process equally well. Some delicate organisms may still suffer damage
during freezing or thawing.

When you\'re ready to analyze your samples, you\'ll need to follow a
careful **thawing protocol** to minimize **cellular damage**. This
typically involves rapid warming in a water bath followed by gradual
rehydration.

## Dehydration and Desiccation Approaches

Moving from the cold storage of **cryopreservation**, let\'s explore
another method for preserving plankton: **dehydration and desiccation**.
These techniques involve removing water from plankton samples to prevent
cellular degradation and maintain sample integrity.

You\'ll find two primary approaches: **air-drying** and
**freeze-drying**. Air-drying is simpler but less precise. You\'ll
spread plankton samples thinly on clean slides or filter paper and allow
them to dry naturally. This method works well for certain species but
can cause cellular damage in others.

Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, offers more control. You\'ll first
freeze the samples, then subject them to a **vacuum** that sublimates
the ice directly to vapor. This preserves **cellular structures** more
effectively than air-drying.

For both methods, you\'ll need to take into account factors like
temperature, humidity, and drying time. It\'s essential to prevent
rehydration, so you\'ll store dried samples in **airtight containers**
with desiccants.

While these techniques can effectively preserve plankton morphology,
they may alter certain **biochemical properties**. You\'ll need to weigh
the pros and cons based on your research goals and the specific plankton
species you\'re working with.

## Microscopy Slide Preparation

Preparing plankton samples for **microscopy slides** is an essential
step in preserving and studying these tiny organisms. You\'ll need to
start by selecting the appropriate slide type, typically a **concave or
depression slide** for larger plankton or a flat slide for smaller
species. **Clean the slide** thoroughly and verify it\'s free from any
debris.

Next, you\'ll want to transfer a small amount of your preserved plankton
sample onto the slide using a pipette or dropper. Be careful not to
overload the slide; a single drop is often sufficient. If you\'re using
a flat slide, gently place a **coverslip** over the sample, taking care
to avoid air bubbles.

For **staining**, you can use various dyes to enhance visibility.
**Lugol\'s iodine** is common for phytoplankton, while methylene blue
works well for
[zooplankton](https://simplyecologist.com/zooplankton-sampling-techniques/).
Apply the stain before adding the coverslip.

If you\'re preparing permanent slides, you\'ll need to use a **mounting
medium** like Canada balsam. This helps preserve the sample long-term
and improves optical clarity.

Remember to label your slides with relevant information such as date,
location, and species if known.

## Genomic DNA Preservation

Numerous **plankton preservation techniques** focus on **genomic DNA**,
an essential aspect for molecular studies and species identification. To
preserve plankton DNA, you\'ll need to act quickly after collection to
prevent degradation. One common method is **flash-freezing samples** in
liquid nitrogen, which rapidly halts cellular processes and protects
genetic material.

If you don\'t have access to liquid nitrogen, you can use **chemical
preservatives**. **RNAlater** is a popular choice, as it stabilizes RNA
and DNA. Simply add the solution to your plankton sample and store it at
-20°C for long-term preservation.

Alternatively, you can use **ethanol**, typically at a concentration of
95%, which dehydrates cells and inhibits enzyme activity.

For field work, you might consider using **FTA cards**. These
specialized papers contain chemicals that lyse cells and protect nucleic
acids. You\'ll just need to apply your plankton sample to the card and
let it dry. This method\'s particularly useful when you\'re dealing with
limited storage space or transportation issues.

## Live Culture Maintenance

While preserving **plankton DNA** is vital for certain studies,
maintaining **live cultures** offers unique research opportunities. To
keep plankton cultures thriving, you\'ll need to provide **ideal
conditions** that mimic their natural environment.

Start by selecting an appropriate **culture medium**, which varies
depending on the plankton species you\'re working with. You\'ll need to
maintain the correct temperature, typically between 15-25°C, using
**temperature-controlled rooms** or incubators.

Light is essential for photosynthetic plankton, so you\'ll want to
provide a **light-dark cycle** that matches their natural habitat. Use
fluorescent or LED lights with timers to guarantee consistency.

Don\'t forget about aeration and water movement; gentle bubbling or
stirring can help maintain oxygen levels and prevent settling.

You\'ll need to monitor **nutrient levels** regularly and replenish them
as needed. Be vigilant about contamination by using sterile techniques
and equipment.

To maintain healthy populations, you should **subculture your plankton**
regularly, typically every 1-2 weeks. Keep detailed records of your
culture conditions, growth rates, and any observations to guarantee
reproducibility and track the health of your cultures over time.

## Environmental DNA Sampling

Sampling environmental DNA (eDNA) offers a powerful, **non-invasive
method** for detecting plankton species in aquatic ecosystems. To
collect eDNA, you\'ll need to **filter water samples** through
**fine-mesh filters**, typically with pore sizes ranging from 0.22 to
0.45 micrometers. It\'s essential to use **sterile equipment** and wear
gloves to avoid contamination.

Once you\'ve collected your samples, you\'ll need to preserve them
immediately. You can do this by adding a **buffer solution** or freezing
the filters. The choice depends on your downstream analysis plans and
storage capabilities. For **PCR-based analyses**, ethanol preservation
works well, while for metagenomic sequencing, freezing at -80°C is often
preferred.

When extracting DNA from your samples, you\'ll use specialized kits
designed for environmental samples. These kits help remove inhibitors
that can interfere with subsequent analyses.

After extraction, you can use various molecular techniques to identify
plankton species, such as quantitative PCR or **high-throughput
sequencing**.


To preserve plankton, you've got several options. Traditional

 chemical fixation

uses formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, while

 cryopreservation

involves rapid freezing with liquid nitrogen.

 Dehydration methods

like air-drying or freeze-drying can work for some species. For microscopy, you'll need to prepare slides carefully, possibly with staining.

Plankton Preservation Techniques

You’ll be amazed by the cutting-edge techniques used to study microscopic marine life, but there’s more to nanoplankton analysis than meets the eye.

Nanoplankton
[analysis](https://simplyecologist.com/carnivore-scat-analysis-techniques/)
methods involve a range of sophisticated techniques. You\'ll find
**microscopy** at the forefront, including light, electron, and
fluorescence approaches. **Flow cytometry** allows for rapid cell
counting and characterization, while **molecular sequencing** provides
genetic insights. Imaging flow cytometry combines high-throughput
analysis with detailed imaging. **Remote sensing applications** track
nanoplankton dynamics on a global scale, and **automated image
analysis** accelerates data processing. These methods help scientists
understand nanoplankton\'s role in marine ecosystems, carbon cycling,
and climate change. Exploring these techniques further will reveal the
intricate world of these tiny yet essential organisms.

## Microscopy Techniques

Microscopes are the cornerstone of **nanoplankton analysis**. When
you\'re studying these tiny organisms, you\'ll primarily rely on **light
microscopy** and **electron microscopy** techniques.

Light microscopy, including brightfield and phase contrast methods,
allows you to observe live specimens and their basic morphology.
However, it\'s limited by the resolving power of visible light.

For more detailed examination, you\'ll turn to electron microscopy.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides **high-resolution images**
of nanoplankton surfaces, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
allows you to study their **internal structures**. You\'ll need to
prepare samples carefully for these techniques, often involving
fixation, dehydration, and coating processes.

Fluorescence microscopy is another valuable tool. You can use
**fluorescent dyes** to highlight specific cellular components or
exploit the natural autofluorescence of chlorophyll to identify
photosynthetic nanoplankton.

Flow cytometry, though not strictly microscopy, complements these
methods by allowing rapid analysis of large numbers of individual cells.

When you\'re working with nanoplankton, it\'s essential to take into
account **sample preservation**. You\'ll often need to use **fixatives**
to maintain cell structure, but be aware that these can alter some
cellular characteristics.

## Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry steps up the game when it comes to **analyzing
nanoplankton populations**. This powerful technique allows you to
**rapidly count and characterize** individual cells as they pass through
a laser beam. You\'ll find it particularly useful for studying the
smallest
[plankton](https://simplyecologist.com/microplankton-sampling-equipment/),
which are often difficult to observe with **traditional microscopy**.

When using **flow cytometry**, you\'ll suspend your nanoplankton sample
in a fluid stream. As cells pass through the laser, they **scatter light
and emit fluorescence**. You can measure these signals to determine cell
size, shape, and pigment content. This method\'s **high-throughput
nature** means you can **analyze** thousands of cells per second,
providing a thorough view of your sample\'s composition.

You\'ll often use **fluorescent dyes** to label specific cellular
components, enhancing the information you can gather. For example, you
might stain DNA to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells.

Flow cytometry also allows you to sort cells based on their
characteristics, enabling further analysis or culturing of specific
subpopulations. This technique\'s versatility and efficiency make it an
indispensable tool in modern nanoplankton research.

## Molecular Sequencing Approaches

In recent years, **molecular sequencing** approaches have revolutionized
**nanoplankton analysis**. These techniques allow you to identify and
characterize nanoplankton
[species](https://simplyecologist.com/marine-plankton-species-list/) at
a genetic level, providing unprecedented insights into their diversity
and ecological roles.

You\'ll find that **DNA barcoding** is a common method, where you
sequence specific genetic markers to identify species. For nanoplankton,
the **18S rRNA gene** is often used. **Metabarcoding** takes this
further, allowing you to analyze entire communities simultaneously.

Next-generation sequencing technologies have greatly enhanced these
approaches. You can now generate millions of sequences in a single run,
enabling high-throughput analysis of complex nanoplankton assemblages.

Environmental DNA (eDNA) sequencing is another powerful tool. It lets
you detect nanoplankton species from water samples without the need for
isolation or culturing.

When using these methods, it\'s essential to evaluate **biases in DNA
extraction**, PCR amplification, and sequencing. You\'ll also need
robust bioinformatics pipelines to process and interpret the large
datasets generated.

While molecular approaches offer great advantages, they\'re best used in
combination with **traditional morphological and physiological
analyses** for a thorough understanding of nanoplankton communities.

## Imaging Flow Cytometry

Imaging flow cytometry has emerged as a cutting-edge tool for
**nanoplankton analysis**. This technique combines the **high-throughput
capabilities** of traditional flow cytometry with the **detailed
imaging** of microscopy. You\'ll find it particularly useful for
studying nanoplankton, as it allows you to capture individual cell
images while simultaneously measuring multiple cellular parameters.

With **imaging flow cytometry**, you can analyze thousands of
nanoplankton cells per second, obtaining both **quantitative data** and
visual information. You\'ll be able to distinguish between different
species based on their **morphological features**, size, and
fluorescence properties. The system captures high-resolution images of
each cell, enabling you to perform detailed analyses of cell structure,
**chlorophyll content**, and other cellular components.

You can also use this method to study the **physiological state** of
nanoplankton cells, including their viability and metabolic activity. By
incorporating fluorescent dyes or probes, you\'ll be able to assess
specific cellular processes or detect particular molecules of interest.

This powerful combination of imaging and flow cytometry provides you
with an all-encompassing tool for characterizing nanoplankton
populations in various **aquatic environments**.

## Remote Sensing Applications

Remote sensing applications have revolutionized the study of
nanoplankton on a global scale. You\'ll find that **satellite-based
sensors** can detect ocean color changes caused by **nanoplankton
blooms**, providing valuable data on their distribution and abundance.
These sensors measure the **spectral reflectance** of the ocean surface,
which varies based on the concentration and composition of
phytoplankton, including nanoplankton.

You can use **multispectral and hyperspectral imaging** to identify
specific nanoplankton species based on their unique optical signatures.
This allows you to map their distribution across vast ocean areas.

Additionally, you\'ll benefit from remote sensing data to track
**environmental factors** that influence nanoplankton growth, such as
sea surface temperature, nutrient levels, and light availability.

When you combine remote sensing with in situ measurements and modeling
techniques, you\'ll gain a thorough understanding of nanoplankton
dynamics. This integration helps you predict **bloom occurrences**,
assess their impacts on marine ecosystems, and study their role in
**global carbon cycling**.

## Automated Image Analysis

Automated image analysis frequently plays an essential role in
**nanoplankton research**. You\'ll find that this technology allows for
**rapid processing** of **large datasets**, considerably reducing the
time and effort required for manual counting and identification. It\'s
particularly useful when you\'re dealing with **high-throughput
[sampling](https://simplyecologist.com/microplankton-sampling-equipment/)**
methods or extensive field studies.

When you\'re using **automated image analysis**, you\'ll typically
employ **specialized software** that can detect and classify
nanoplankton based on their morphological features. These systems often
use **machine learning algorithms** to improve accuracy over time.
You\'ll need to train the software with a diverse set of labeled images
to guarantee it can recognize various species and morphotypes.

One of the
[key](https://simplyecologist.com/zooplankton-identification-key/)
advantages you\'ll notice is the consistency in measurements and
classifications. Unlike manual analysis, which can be subject to human
error and bias, automated systems provide reproducible results.

However, you should be aware that these systems aren\'t infallible.
You\'ll still need to perform **quality checks** and occasionally verify
results manually, especially for rare or unusual specimens.

As you integrate automated image analysis into your workflow, you\'ll
likely see considerable improvements in the **efficiency and scale** of
your nanoplankton research.


Nanoplankton analysis methods involve a range of sophisticated techniques. You'll find

 microscopy

at the forefront, including light, electron, and fluorescence approaches.

 Flow cytometry

allows for rapid cell counting and characterization, while

 molecular sequencing

provides genetic insights. Imaging flow cytometry combines high-throughput analysis with detailed imaging.

Postagens de Rogue Scholar

Carnivore Scat Analysis Techniques

Plankton Preservation Techniques

Nanoplankton Analysis Methods